Do you know how fuel is supplied into the combustion chamber in automobile engines? Am sure you not thinking of carburetor but fuel injector. They are now bygone most especially for internal combustion engines. An effective process used is known as fuel injection system.
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in internal combustion engines, mostly automotive engines, using injector. This process was introduced to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency laws. Over the year, car manufacturers saw great advantages of fuel injectors which is where the downfall of carburetors begins.
From 1980 onward fuel injection become alternative of carburetors on petrol engines. Well, the different between fuel injection and carburetion is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure. Whereas, carburetors rely on drawing of fuel into airstream through a venturi tube.
Research have shown all diesel engines uses fuel injection by design. Gas engines can use gasoline direct injection, where fuel is directly delivered into the internal combustion chamber. Indirect injection can also be use, where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke.
Today we’ll be looking deep into the definition, functions, parts, types, working principle, problems, as well as advantages and disadvantages of fuel injector system in automotive engines.
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Contents
What is a Fuel Injector?
Fuel injectors are small nozzle which are controlled electronically to atomize fuel under high pressure into an engine’s combustion chamber. It contains valves that are capable of opening and closing many times per second.
Before the existence of fuel injectors, carburetor has been highly used on engines, and till date this engine still exists. In fact, many other machines like the lawnmowers and chainsaws still uses carburetors. But because the component got complicated trying to control all requirement on automobile, a better alternative is released.
Carburetors where first replaced with throttle body fuel injection system. This system is also known as single point or central fuel injection system. It is electrically controlled fuel-injector valves into the throttle body.
These was almost the best alternative, which allows auto manufacturers don’t have to make drastic change on engine designs.
Gradually, as new engines were designed multi-port fuel injection replaced the throttle body fuel injection. This multi-port fuel injection is also known as port, multi-point or sequential fuel injection.
The system contains fuel injector for each cylinder which spray right to the intake valve. It provides more accurate fuel metering and quicker response.
Functions of fuel Injector
Below are the functions of fuel injectors in an internal combustion engine:
- The primary purpose of fuel injection system in diesel engines is that their design is heavily influenced by the component,
- Fuel injector help to deliver fuel to the cylinders.
- It enhances the engine in term performance, emission, and noise characters.
- Fuel is deliver under extremely high injection pressures.
- Its materials are design to withstand higher stresses for durability that match the engine working.
- Another purpose of the injection system is that fuel is injected at the proper time. That is, the injection timing is controlled.
- Correct amount of fuel must be delivered to meet the power requirement of the engine. This is why the injection metering is controlled.
- Injector are made of greater manufacturing precision and tolerance to ensures its working efficiency. It also avoids leakage.
- Fuel injector atomizes fuel into a very small fuel particles ensuring every small droplet of fuel vaporize and undergo the combustion process.
- There enough oxygen to mix with the atomize fuel and ensures complete combustion.
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Major Parts of Fuel Injection System
Below are the major functional parts that enable the working of fuel injection in automobile engines and names of components in a fuel injector:
The major parts of fuel injection system are divided into two which include low-pressure and high-pressure side, the low-pressure parts are the fuel tank, fuel filter and fuel supply pump. While the high-pressure side include high-pressure pump, fuel injector, accumulator, fuel injector nozzle. The injection nozzle has different actuation designs for various types of fuel injection systems.
As fuel needs to be transferred from the fuel tank to the injector system, the role is low-pressure fuel system. Whereas, from the fuel injector to the combustion chamber is the high-pressure system. Below is the role of the following parts stated above:
- Fuel tank – the part is where the fuel is stored.
- Fuel pump – it pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the fuel injection system.
- Injection pump – this part is a meter and pressurize fuel for injection.
- Governor – supply fuel in accordance to the load.
- Fuel injector – supplies fuel from the injection pump to the cylinders.
- Fuel filter – to filter dirt, duct and abrasive particles from blocking the injection system.
Image below shows the major parts of a fuel injector:
Fuel injection system work fully on precise to provide correct amount of fuel for every operating condition. The engine control unit (ECU) are used to monitor most parts of input sensors. Below are few parts that uses sensor for precise working:
- Oxygen sensor – note the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, which allows the ECU to determine if the fuel mixture is rich or lean. It makes adjustment accordingly.
- Throttle position sensor – this sensor monitors the throttle valve position to know how much air that enter the engine. The ECU respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as required.
- Mass airflow sensor – let the ECU know the amount of fuel entering the engine.
- Coolant temperature sensor – determine when the engine reaches its proper operating temperature to the ECU.
- Manifold absolute pressure sensor – determine the pressure of air in the intake manifold.
- Engine speed sensor – monitors the engine speed, which is why it is used to calculate the pulse width.
- Voltage sensor – determine the system voltage in the car to know when the ECU raise the idle speed. this may be when the voltage is dropping which will indicate high electrical load.
Read: Conventional and Non-conventional types of automobile chassis
Types of Fuel Injection System
Below are the common types of fuel injection system seen in older and modern vehicles:
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Single-Point or Throttle Body Injection:
The single-point type of injection system is the earliest and simplest fuel injection that replace carburetors. It contains one or two injector nozzles in the throttle body, which is the throat of the engine’s air intake manifold.
This injector system is not precise as the system that followed but when compared with carburetors, it has better control, less expensive and easier to service.
Port or Multiport Fuel Injection:
In multiport fuel injectors separator injector nozzles is contained in each cylinder, at its intake port. This is why the system is sometimes called port injector, shooting the fuel vapor close to the intake spot, ensuring it’s completely drawn into the cylinder.
One of the benefit of this injector is that the meters fuel is more precise when compared with the single point. It is also perfect for achieving the required fuel air ratio and it virtually eliminates the possibility that fuel will condense or collect in the intake manifold.
Sequential Fuel Injection:
This type of fuel injector is also known as sequential port fuel injection or time injection. It is a type of multiport injection even as basic multiport uses multiple injectors. They all spray their fuel same time or sequentially, making the fuel to hang around for as long as 150 milliseconds when the engine is idling.
The benefits of sequential fuel injection are that the system respond more quickly if the driver makes a sudden change. This is because the valve only has to wait for the next intake valve to open, rather than the complete revolution of the engine.
Direct Injection:
Direct injection is common in diesel engines, although starting to be common on gasoline engine designs. It is sometimes called DIG for direct-injection gasoline. In its process, fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber, past the valves.
Fuel metering is more precise than other fuel injection types. Direct fuel injection gives engineers another variable to influence precisely how combustion occurs in the cylinders. The science of the engine design examines how air-fuel mixture swirls around in the cylinders. And also hoe the explosion travels from the ignition point.
The direct injection in a gasoline engine can handle things such as the shape of cylinders and pistons. Also, port and spark plug locations, timing, duration and intensity of the spark. Number of spark plug per cylinder. All these affects how completely and evenly fuel combust in gasoline engine.
Working principle
The working of a fuel injector system is quite interesting and easier to understand. The main working is from the fuel injector to the combustion chamber after fuel is pump to it from the fuel tank.
As earlier said, the fuel injector is an electronically controlled mechanical device that is responsible for fuel spraying. The injector gets energized and an electromagnet moves a plunger that opens the valve. This valve allows the pressurized fuel to squirt out through a tiny nozzle. The nozzle is designed to atomize the fuel, which responsible for making the fuel to easily burn,
The amount of time the fuel injector stays open will determine fuel supplied to the engine. This is known as “pulse width” and it is controlled by an ECU device. Fuel injector system are mounted directly to the intake manifold so that fuel can be spray directly to the intake valve.
There is a spring inside the conventional injector that holds the needle valve in close position. It holds this needle valve until high pressure line meet a specific value. There is a pipe called “fuel rail” that supplies pressurized fuel to the injectors.
Right amount of fuel supplied to the required parts. Different parts of the engine are equipped with sensors that give information to the ECU about the amount of fuel and make adjustment if needed. The various sensor has been listed and explained in above part of this article.
Watch the video below to have more understanding of the working of fuel injection system:
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Symptoms of Bad Fuel Injectors and How to Prevent Them
Failure occur on fuel injector after overworking, and if not regularly maintained, it can develop serious faults or become clogged. Below are the symptoms of bad fuel injectors and how to prevent failures:
- Rough engine performance
- Complications while starting the vehicle
- Fuel odors
- Oil thinning
- Failed emission
- Engine fails to reach the full RPM
- Poor performance of the vehicle
- Catastrophic engine failure
- Smoke emission
- Increased fuel consumption
- Pollution
Problem often occur on fuel injector when there is dirty, carbon particles, oil fuel or accumulation of residue leading to clogged fuel injectors. Issues happens after the filter basket collect debris that prevents fuel to flow through it.
The proper way to prevent fuel injectors from failing is regular maintenance. The vehicle’s part must be inspected at regular basis. Even though fuel injectors got great tolerances, still inspection should made on the components.
For more reliable result, adding moisture drawing ethanol or additives, visual supervision, conducting ultrasonic cleaning. And also, actual flow pattern for volume and spray testing will help.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Injection System
Advantages:
Below are the benefits of fuel injection system:
- Precise fuel mixture of fuel and air ensures maximum possible fuel efficiency and power production.
- Combustion process is significantly much more efficient in fuel injected engine.
- Fuel injection engines are more economical and it maximize and minimize the emission level.
- Cold starting is eliminated in fuel injected engine, making no need for manual chocking.
- It’s also used on modern performance motorcycles.
- Fuel injection system automatically balance the air-fuel mixture considering environment situation.
- Engine vibration is reduced and spark plug fouling issue is minimized.
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Disadvantages
Despite all the benefits of injection system some limitation still occurs. Below are the disadvantages of the system:
- It is a complex electronic controlled device that work with few electronic sensors.
- Maintenance and repairing of the system is very limited. That is, not all workshop can do its working.
- Fuel injection system is quite expensive.
- Good quality material and fuel is highly recommended.
- There is no solution for low cost and low capacity.
In conclusion, fuel injection system has totally replaced carburetors in automobile engine. we’ve discussed about its functions which one of is to deliver fuel at high pressure into the cylinder. Fuel injection system of different types which include throttle body and multi-port, we also revealed its component on low-pressure and high-pressure side. it working, symptoms and advantages and disadvantages of the fuel injection system.
That’s it for this article. I hope you enjoyed the reading, if so, kindly comment, share, and recommend this site to other technical students. Thanks!
